Steven Biko Essay Example for Free

Steven Biko EssaySteven Biko is not a hero, he is humanity like Donald Woods. They are both trash for a better South Africa. Cry Freedom, written by John Briley is about apartheid in South Africa. Steve Biko is a bleak leader who encouraged his muckle to stand for their rights and fight without violence. Donald Woods, an editor for the local newspaper, was shown by Biko the difficult lives of the black peck under the white government. Consequently, Woods understands the struggles of the blacks, and tries to help spreading Bikos messages after(prenominal) he died. I believe that both Steve Biko and Donald Woods are heroes because they were both fighting for a better South Africa. The situation in South Africa was that the black deal wanted to break away from the control of the whites and wanted to control equality between white people. For example, White people live in plumping houses with electricity, whereas black people live in small and old houses without electricity . The black people must have a pass when they enter white peoples area, otherwise, they leave behind go to prison.For example, Steven Biko said and even to stay In a legal township like this on, the white boss must sign your pass each month, the white government tells you which house to live in and what the rent is. Pg. 17 Steve Biko is a hero, he risked his life for a better South Africa. He had helped people and the majority of black people liked him, some white people too. Let us have our place, in our own way, and then we will rise together with our white brothers and sisters and find a way to live in peace. Biko said to Woods. Page16. Steve Biko built a clinic in Zanempilo.He was explaining to Woods why he started clinic at Zanempilo, when I was a student, I suddenly realised that it wasnt just the job I was studying for that was white. The history we read was made by white men, written by white men. Television, medicine cars all invented by white men. Even football. Beca use he wanted black people to believe they have the same ability to be a doctor or a leader as a white man. When Steven Biko took Donald to show him the clinic, Steven Biko described the clinic as A Clinic for black people, with black workers and a black doctors.I think Donald Woods was also a hero because he was a very brave man and heroic person. He became a banned person when he tried to go to America and talk about Steven Bikos death. The police said to him You Donald pack Wood are declared a banned person, for a period of five years. He even put his family and himself in danger to go to England and propound the book about Bikos death. Also, Donald Woods gave a job to Mapetla and Tenjy who were two black people. He was happy to incorporate black people with white people to show this.Theyre going to cover black news. Weddings, music, sport, crime. There is nothing illegal in that. Donald says this when he tells Ken that Mapetla and Tenjy will be working for the occasional Di spatch. In conclusion, Steve Biko and Donald Woods were heroes. They did lots of things to improve South Africa. Steven Biko and Donald Woods wanted equality between black people and white people. Also, they both fought for the equality of races in South Africa. They both tried to Let South Africa governed by both white people and black people.

Motorcycle and financial services Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle and financial services EssayAbstract The strength of Harley-Davidsons grease and dominant market position give the unfaltering a wide moat, in our opinion. However, weaker consumer using up and roiled credit markets are presenting the firm with slightly signifi toilett near- status challenges. In addition, we believe the firm must carefully carry the appeal of its brand to secure its semipermanent success. Harley-Davidson is a cult brand that resonates around the world. There are more than 1 million members of the Harley Owners Group, and every division several hundred thousand Harley fans hear biking events at Daytona, Fla. , and Sturgis, S. D.Its no wonder that over 50% of Harleys revenues are generated from repeat sales and these sales are at premium prices to other motorcycle brands. In addition, with almost a 50% share of the U. S. market, Harley as well as achieves economies of scale greater than most of its competitors. A Harley is not on the nose a bike it is an investment. brand loyalty, its economies of scale, and its network of mostly exclusive dealers have created world-shaking barriers to entry, and as a result, Harley has achieved historical operating margins of over 20% and returns on invested capital of over 40%, excluding the financial services constituent.JIT Principles JIT is an operational strategy which helps in making schedule levels lean. An organisation which goes for synchronous manufacturing incorporates JIT to have lower stocktaking levels. Synchronous manufacturing encompasses techniques of JIT to achieve the target. Organisations which have implemented JIT and are using synchronous manufacturing have a very lean system. It has minimum wastage and the highest possible quality. These organisations are follow effective and generally have higher margins than their competitors.This results in higher level of efficiency in the organisation and a better work environment. BPI helps in management of inventory and related operations. It is very important that organisation understand the importance of new methods and reengineer their processes in line with the requirements. The minimum level of inventory which is require as WIP is determined by the organization and then control efforts are put in so that there is always the minimum level addressable and it would never cross the maximum level.This is done because one cannot hold high levels of inventory because it comes at a very high cost and is an occupational and can be a operation hazard. The strength of Harley-Davidsons brand and dominant market position give the firm a wide moat, in our opinion. However, weaker consumer spending and tight credit markets are presenting the firm with some significant challenges and we believe the firm must carefully expand the appeal of its brand to secure its long term success.Harley-Davidson is a cult brand that resonates around the world. There are more than 1 million members of the Harley Owners G roup, and every year several hundred thousand Harley fans attend biking events at Daytona, Fla. , and Sturgis, S. D. Its no wonder that over 50% of Harleys revenues are generated from repeat sales and these sales are at premium prices to other motorcycle brands. In addition, with almost a 50% share of the U. S. market, Harley also achieves economies of scale greater than most of its competitors.The intensity of the firms brand loyalty, its economies of scale, and its network of mostly exclusive dealers have created significant barriers to entry, and as a result, Harley has achieved historical operating margins of over 20% and returns on invested capital of over 40%, excluding the financial services segment. Despite its strong brand, swag consumer spending on high-ticket items is likely to continue to depress volumes in the near term, and we expect the economic downswing to prolong the period of failing sales through 2010/11. The firm has already cut production in an attempt to trim costs in line with faling demand.in addition, just over half of Harleys motorcycle revenues are derived from retail sales made on credit. We think that the lack of available broths on the wholesale markets and the shrinking of the number of do customers will make it difficult for the companys financial services division to continue to declare retail sales by providing credit to customers. Harley must address some long-term challenges. The firm has been focused on a narrow demographic group (around 89% of customers are male) and the median age of Harleys customers has been on a long-term upward trend.We believe that the firm must find ways to broaden the appeal of its brand without alienating its core customer base. Harley has grown in recent years in the foreign market , and revenues generated abroad have risen to 25% of total revenues in 2007 from 19% in 2004. Although the firm has recently introduced a performance motorcycle for the European market, I think that it may find it difficult to deliver customized products for overseas markets while supporting its brand franchise. RiskHarleys revenues could be severely hurt by a further weakening of the global economy and increased reductions in consumer spending on high-ticket discretionary items, and the firm may not be able to securitize its receivables if the asset-backed security market is slow to recover. Harleys sales are focused on a thin demographic segment 35- to 54-year-old males. In our opinion, the firm must broaden its appeal in order to secure its long-term profitability, but any missteps in marketing its products to other demographic segments could damage the brand.Harley-Davidsons brand resonates around the world, and it has particular strength in its key target market of 35- to 54-year-olds. Historically, Harley has generated free cash flow at around 15% of revenues, allowing the firm to develop a strong booster cable record of returning cash to shareholders through dividends and stock re purchases. Through the downturn, Harleys management has been careful to maintain spending on research and development and marketing, important steps in maintaining the strength of the brand, in our opinion.The firm has worked successfully with its network of dealers to significantly reduce dealer inventory over the last 12 months. Harleys core demographic, the mollycoddle boomer generation, is aging, and thats likely to reduce demand for Harleys products in the future. In order to mitigate the negative dissemble on revenues, the firm must improve its penetration in other segments. * Harley is likely to continue to face some severe short-term head winds, with anaemic consumer spending likely to hurt revenues through 2010.The large inventory of used Harley motorcycles is likely to contribute to Harleys near-term challenges, as a greater number of under-pressure consumers may prefer for a cheaper used model in the secondary market. The turmoil in the credit markets is likely to rais e the cost of the short-term capital required to fund HDFS. Despite raising the retail rate on its loans, I expect the operating margins of HDFS to come under severe pressure through 2009. HDFS may also find it difficult to raise financing for retail credit in the wholesale markets.This could restrict the number of loans the firm can make to customers and thwart the firms attempts to support retail sales volumes. Inventory Management in Harley Davidson Growth Historically, the strong spending power of the baby boomers, Harleys core demographic, has been favourable for the motorbike producer. As the baby boomers age, however, I expect slowing domestic revenue growth to be only partially mitigated by international expansion. Profile Harley-Davidson is the worlds leading manufacturer of heavyweight motorcycles, parts, and accessories.It sells the Softail, Sportster, Dyna, Touring, and VRSC models under the Harley-Davidson name, and it also manufactures the Buell brand. Harley-Davidson Financial Services provides wholesale financing to dealers and retail financing and insurance brokerage services to customers. Strategy Harley leverages its strong brand to sell a broad range of motorcycling-related products. The firm is attempting to broaden its appeal to more demographic groups by expanding its product line-up.It is also focused on international expansion, and it has introduced a new performance-based bike in an attempt to increase its share in overseas markets. Management I think the quality of corporate validation at Harley-Davidson is above average. I applaud the firm for splitting the chairman and CEO roles amidst two individuals, although I am concerned that the relationship between the two individuals serving in these roles may weaken the chairmans ability to provide independent oversight. CEO James Ziemers career at Harley blossomed under the leadership of author CEO and current Chairman Jeffrey L.Bluestein. In addition, although nine of the firms 12 di rectors meet the NYSE definition of independent, a total of six of them have served on the age for over a decade, and I believe that their long-term relationships with management, together with some related-party transactions, may further compromise their independence. Having said that, the Harley-Davidson board does contain a red-blooded range of legal, accounting, and executive experience. Management compensation is skewed to long-term incentive components, and I think that this aligns the interests of the management team with those of shareholders.The firm has a strong track record of returning cash to shareholders, both through dividend disbursements and share buyback programs. Harley Reports Lower 3Q Earnings I am leaving our fair(a) value sum up for Harley-Davidson in place following the release of third-quarter earnings, which were in line with our expectations. Revenue fell 8% year over year, to $1. 42 billion, as the economic downturn hurt retail sales volume, which dec lined 14%. The bright spot was international sales, but only a small part of the 11.3% rise in international revenues was attributable to volume increases most of the increase was caused by favourable currency movements. At Harley-Davidson Financial Services, the customer finance division, third-quarter earnings fell 28% from the same period last year, to $35. 6 million, because of lower securitization income and the write-down of some finance receivables held for sale. I was pleased to note that the firm is being proactive in securing alternative sources of funding for the finance division, in the event that it cannot raise funds in the unsecured debt market.However, we expect that Harleys funding requirements would be met comfortably by its pious platitude credit facility, if required. Supply side Economic Scenario Given the continued macroeconomic deterioration and tightness in credit markets, I am raising our fair value uncertainty rating for Harley-Davidson. The companys grow th has decelerated during the last three years, and year-over-year shipments were down 15% last quarter. In addition, we see significant downside risks to the contribution from Harley-Davidson Financial Services. abide quarter, financial services income was down 43% because of a $20 million reduction in securitization gains. Financial income was also affected by a $6 million write-down in retained securitization interests. Since that time credit markets have seized up, and its likely the firm will report increasing charge-offs on consumer loans in the overture quarters. Summary Business process reengineering is very critical for companies and industries which survive on innovation. Sometimes there are cases when old processes in the company are destruction and their is a pressing need to rejuvenate then.This process of is known as business process reengineering. A company that does not innovate dies out in the market. Old operations over time die down and new process needs to be r ebuilt into the system. This is where the concept of business processes engineering is very critical. The prey of the paper is to critically evaluate symptoms which suggests organisation to go for business process reengineering then come up with one of those symptoms and write a detailed compend of it.References http//www. emeraldinsight. com. / Gao, F, Li, M. Clarke, S. (2008). Knowledge, management, and knowledge management in business operations. Nonaka, I. (2005). Knowledge Management Critical Perspectives on Business and Management. Taylor Francis. Tait, A Richardson, K. A. (2010). Complexity and Knowledge Management Understanding the piece of Knowledge in the Management of Social Networks. IAP Goldman, A. (n. d. ). Eliminating Bottlenecks. Retrieved 28th March, 2011, from http//www. gaebler. com (n. d. ).Retrieved Mar 27th, 2011, from Customer Relationship MAnagement http//www. customerthink.com (n. d. ). Retrieved Mar 27th, 2011, from More is not value Proposition http/ /sinekpartners. typepad. com auction bridge site. (n. d. ). Retrieved MAr 27th, 2011, from Harley Davidson Value http//harleyauctionsite. com Harley Davidson USA. (2011, MAr 27). Retrieved Mar 17, 2011, from Harley Davidson http//www. harley-davidson. com Impact Factory. (2010, Feb 2nd). Retrieved mar 27th, 2011, from http//www. impactfactory. com http//www. h-dsn. com/genbus/links. jsp Management Research Review. (2000) Johan Van Nimwegen, Brian H. Kleiner, Volume 23 issue 7/8.

Failures Of The Juvenile Justice System Criminology Essay

Failures Of The Juvenile Justice System Criminology EssayJuvenile jurist outlines across the country be experiencing major challenges resulted in a failure to meet their original goal to change the deviant demeanour of the late delinquent by focusing on rehabilitation in order to ensure juvenile persons draw an opportunity for a future life as a productive citizen. Despite this goal juvenile arbitrator frame, in many cases, has failed to rehabilitate the juvenile and sort of keep up become more prone to placing juvenile delinquents in juvenile hold facilities, or trying them as fully grown offenders. Once the juvenile delinquent becomes a part of the system, adult or juvenile, they have onerousy escaping from the stigma and moving on to create split lives.Instead of delinquents making autocratic changes in their life, they instead graduate up to adult prison and become adult malefactor offenders. These failings within the juvenile arbiter system can be attri thated t o the lack of education, lack of support services and an inability to incarcerate the more serious juvenile offenders. In fact 80% of juveniles who enter advanced Yorks juvenile facilities end up returning or graduating to adult prisons within three years (Louis, 2008). This recidivism rate is 20% higher that the New York adult criminal arbiter system. In other states, such as Oklahoma or Texas, the rate is notwithstanding higher.The juvenile skillfulice system has similarly failed to provide a fair and equal juvenile justice process which is obvious based on the racial disparities present in Americas juvenile justice system. Minorities, African Americans especially, atomic number 18 placed in juvenile detention centers or receive waivers that require them to be tried as adults. These failures have been attributed to the delinquent or criminal behavior of the minority by the juvenile justice system but by critics it has been attributed to racial profiling of police and solid us in the juvenile courts.The fact is in the juvenile justice system there have been many failures that have resulted in many challenges. These challenges make it difficult for the juvenile justice system to meet its original goal of rehabilitation and have resulted instead with juveniles that are not reformed but instead have the tools to become adult offenders. When juveniles are removed from their homes and placed in a juvenile detention they do not become reformed but instead there behavior will worsen in this type of an environment. Juveniles that are laced in detention centers are faced with becoming more hard-hitting than the next juvenile just to survive. Instead of dateing to become more productive members of society the juvenile learns new criminal skills.Juvenile offenders in new society commit the same delinquent acts of the past but they also commit offenses that are far more serious and violent than when the juvenile justice system was first established. Instead of rehabilitating juvenile and taking steps in repairing the family the juvenile justice system has been quick to punish the juvenile. The lacking of effective way services for juvenile delinquents before and after be detained or incarcerated has been considered a large part of the overall problem in the juvenile justice system as well as a very low success rate in making positive changes in the life of the juvenile offender.The look for will seek to understand the extent of the failures of the juvenile justice system by presenting statistical research and real world examples of these failures. The better juvenile justice professionals understand the failure of the system the more effective they can be in developing more effective measures for ensuring the juvenile learns new and positive behavior and does not grow up to become an adult criminal offender. Through rehabilitative services and programs the juvenile will have an opportunity to make positive changes in their lives and become more productive members of society.Literature ReviewResearch has shown that the juvenile justice system has failed in their goal to rehabilitate juveniles to ensure they do not grow up to become adult criminals. In research conducted by Annie Casey Foundation it was discovered that the juvenile justice system is ineffective, dangerous, and inadequate. Instead of commit in the future of juveniles the system is just focused on punishing the juvenile and removing them from society. Juveniles that are detained or that are adjudicated to the adult court system are not taught new positive behaviors that assist them in becoming upstanding members of society and instead they learn new criminal behaviors.In Oklahoma, precisely the creek County area of Oklahoma, which is likely one of the highest areas of juvenile offenders in the state there exists a definite problem of dealing with the issues of juvenile crime. Furthermore, the juvenile justice system has no real punitive measures that can be put in place to deal with juvenile offenders who should be removed from society. The lacking of effective counseling services for pre-incarceration level and post-incarceration level offenders has been considered a large part of the overall problem in the State of Oklahoma.In fact despite the proof that rehabilitative programs can work the state has failed to aggressively implement them and prefers instead to detain or incarcerate. The Juvenile Re-entry of Oklahoma County program is one such program that has been shown to be successful with only a 10% failure rate (Kelly, 2010). The program provides the juveniles with an opportunity to obtain their high school diploma or G.E.D and an opportunity to learn a new job skill. In a recent analysis of the program it was discovered that many of the participants not only obtain their education but go on to obtain their college degrees.The state of Texas has one of the largest the juvenile justice populations in the country and j uveniles are detained in a large majority of cases. The Texas juvenile justice system has large caseloads where juveniles in some cases will be detained for a year without ever going in front of a judge. The resolve in the state are quick to detain the juvenile because the state has become limited in the resources available to rehabilitee the juvenile offender. In New York the juvenile justice system became so corrupt and the treatment of juveniles so inhumane the governor called for a complete overhaul and reform of the New York juvenile justice system (Louis, 2008). Juveniles were routinely restrained while in custody and left face first on the ground for hours. Juvenile justice officers were known for being cruel and aggressive. Since the reform efforts the juvenile receive discipline but is not subject to inhuman treatment.Perhaps one of the alleged problems are the extremely sumptuary laws which were passed as result of the 14th Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Whereas juveni le offenders are to be handled in such a restrictive manner as it give the offenders the subject that theres nothing the system can do to them, in such a case like Thompson V. Oklahoma, where the State of Oklahoma petitioned to charge the suspect as an adult for premeditate murder, or 1st degree murder, which was approved and Thompson was so tried and convicted, to be later overturned by the U.S. Supreme motor lodge (487 U.S. 815, 1988).The trend for the juvenile justice system to detain the juvenile over finding effective rehabilitative services is not the only challenge set about juvenile justice systems across the nation. After a two-and-a-half year investigation by the Civil Right Division it was discovered similar to the adult criminal justice system that the minority is treated more harshly than the non-minority. The research showed that law enforcement, which has discretion in what happens to the juvenile, is far more likely to detain the minority juvenile and release the non-minority juvenile into the custody of their parents or guardian.The report also said black juveniles were treated more harshly than white teenagers in detention practices and transfers to criminal court to be tried as adults (Dries, 2012). As a result there is a major overrepresentation of minorities in both the juvenile and adult justice systems. All criminal offenders in the juvenile justice system should be guaranteed an equal and fair juvenile justice process but this is just not the case. While juveniles are afforded some due process rights, the juvenile justice system is not focused on equality or even justice. It is instead focused on punishing juveniles for their bad behavior.When juveniles are placed within juvenile detention centers instead of sent being home with their parents and being required to attend rehabilitative programs and services that will assist them in changing their behavior and leading a more positive lifestyle. Research has shown that juveniles that a re placed in juvenile detention centers are seven times more likely to grow up to become adult criminal offenders or to be tried as an adult while juveniles. Further, those who ended up being sentenced to juvenile prison were 37 times more likely to be arrested again as adults, compared with similarly misbehaved kids who were either not caught or not put into the system (Szalavitz, 2009). The failure to employ rehabilitative services has resulted in a growing juvenile justice population.

Factors Affecting Consumer Buying Preferences

Factors Affecting Consumer buying PreferencesThe definition of consumer buying behavior by Kotler describes a person who buys goods and services for their individual needs as for Peter and Olson, (1993) say that consumer behavior is simply an interaction between peoples moods, feeling and extend toions. The area of acquirer motion has evolved in early prominence of rational choice to focus on irrational buying behavior and the use of logical feignings to infrastand the consumers mind set. From the re eachy beginning, researches take a crap been carried break through to replica the effects of ad mix variables much(prenominal) as income, social groups, alivenesscycle st time, buyers impulse and access to media, barely gradu ally, the variables affecting consumer behavior unploughed ever-increasing as researchers came across new portions affecting behavior. Numerous models have been formed to understand consumer behavior, which have been modified, discarded, criticized up on, adjusted, and employ over the years.The latest approaches have come up with many consumer behavior models to understand the motivation behind the bargain for, information processing model (Bettman 1979) according to this theory the consumer is viewed as a logical thinker who makes purchase determinations. The variety of models thus now includes stochastic models, mathematical models, sociological models, psychological models, economic models and business models all to define consumer for the manufacturers and service providers. The black box model of human behavior is forever unpredictable the model has been named as black box, suggesting human mind is like the black hole of the universe. The model revolves around responses of consumers to divers(prenominal) stimuli. The model aims to list factors that ignore define buying decisions by explaining human behavior.Formerly a lot of study has been conducted to identify the consumer response to various trade strategies, what ma kes the consumers actually go and buy a ingathering. There have been studies to measure the factors that affect consumer buying behavior. Studies and theories have also been conducted against organization buying behavior (Webster, JR., Fredericke, and Yoram Wind, 1972). Studies have also been conducted to see the long term effect of some factors such as income, age and gender on consumer behavior and how these factors were seen in post purchase and post purchase behavior. Studies related to interpersonal factors and personal factors have also showed a correlation between consumer behavior and these variables. Measurement of Consumer Susceptibility to Interpersonal govern (William O. Bearden, and E. Tee, 1989) they had developed a two-dimensional measure of informational and normative interpersonal decide and examined its reliability and validity. A 12-item, two- factor outstrip was developed with factors counting to interpersonal influence, susceptibility, prise expression, inf ormational influence and self esteem. A questioner was administered and five disparate studies were conducted to out figure the relationship of normative and informational influences measures of attention-to-social-comparison information (ATSCI) susceptibility to interpersonal influence. The results corresponded as ATSCI was pass judgment to correlate strongly with normative factors then with informational measures, the limitations to their study was more work had to be done in the area of interpersonal influences to further make their scale more reliable.Social Comparison Information An Individual Difference Factor Affecting Consumer Conformity (William, 1990) attention-to-social-comparison-information (ATSCI) is identified as a variable that can cooperate separate personal from social reasons that influence consumer behavior. The variables involved in this study were neuroticism and fear of negative assessment. If a person scores high on ATSCI, they are surface attentive of wh at people around him think, and thus his decisions are affected by external factors. The papers lay out variant studies that were carried out to find out the level to which the clients are sensitive to social cues involving their purchase and consumption patterns. These studies stated that measure of ATSCI is internally constant. The paper thus concludes that the ATSCI internal measurement is consistent valid and reliable. This paper thus reinforces the prior studies which helped identify social reason as one of the main factors affecting consumer behavior. It moves on to identify a measure which can help food marketers to identify to what scale the social factors affect consumer choices, and thus a combination of strategies can be concluded out from the findings to append to consumers in their specialized market.ATSCI is matched with normative influences that effect the persons perception in making a decision the study of Normative Influences on Impulsive Buying conduct (Den nis W. Rook Robert J. Fisher, 1995) explains that normative views are accompanied by a view that spin around large impulsive spending that put transport that consumer normative evaluations have the potential to manipulate their buying patterns. Consumers impulsive buying traits depends on their normative judgments. The study evaluated consumers impulsive traits with consumer buying behavior, thirty five items cadence buyers impulsiveness were measured by looking at the literature of impulsive buying phenomenology (e,g, Rook 1987). The results explain the hypothesizes that consumers with higher normative values act absolutely well with the degree of impulsive buying traits they posses example even consumers with low cash reserves tend to buy products on impulsive delinquent to their normative influences. The limitations to this study propose another study suggesting that even when an impulsive purchase is viewed as bad they are still likely to buy things on their impulsive traits due to their normative backgrounds.The normative influences consists of social factors, when a person tries to copy someones judgments worry about societal impressions as compared to informational influences they consist of gaining the knowledge through family friends and option leading and then making a comprehensive decision to buy a product. The lifecycle stage of a person influences the buying decisions they make which in return job the informational influences as well, in Family Members Perceptions of Adolescents Influence in Family Decision Making (Ellen R. Foxman Patriyas. Tansuhaj Karin. Ekstrom, 1989) they demonstrate that the changes in demographics of a mannequin hold structure have shifted towards childrens impact on their parents decisions. There are limited studies that have dealt with the extent of influence children have on family. (Atkin 1978 Belch, Belch, and Ceresino 1985 Darley and Lim 1986 Moschis and Mitchell 1986 Roberts, Wortzel, and Berkeley 1981). Child ren from all ages were tested to see which age of adolescent effects the about in purchase decisions. They analyze with dissimilar consumer related items that a family buys, expensive and complex items were chosen because almost most of them have been used in the previous husband and wife decision related studies. Influence on decision process related to five different areas ranging from price, taking part in shopping, suggesting ace markets, suggesting different products and paying attention to new products being launched. Multi-trait/multi- method analysis (MTMM Campbell and Fiske 1959) was use to find patterns of discrepancy among purchase decisions. The study showed the results that mother, father and children all had a prodigious role in the decision process the study suggested that spouses decisions were closely linked with each other as compared to their children. Two call forions for further research concern the connection between supposed influence in purchase process and supposed influence for unambiguous products, as well as measurement of house hold decision making needs to be clear.From house hold family decisions researchers have also introduced different theories related to consumer buying behaviors all these theories consist of different factors such as culture, social, personal and physiological. Social factors are considered one of the most significant factors that influence consumer behavior. In a research paper, Social Factors in Consumer survival Replication and Extension (Gordon, 1975) the studies of Rich and Jain (1968) are challenged which concluded that life cycle stages and social class may not have a direct relation with consumer behavior as many studies pourboire out. The paper uses empirical methods to stand against the general hypothesis a sample was generated using the random laissez passer sampling method, the main aim being replicating the methods of Rich and Jain but extending the product categories from fashion to f ood items and domestic appliances. With independent variables, social class and family life cycle, Rich and Jain used dependent variables like different interest in fashion, where do they get there shopping influences and interpersonal influences and the Newcastle study used pre-purchase information, the shopping trips people made and different patterns of interpersonal behavior. The country of origin also differed among the two experiments. Rich and Jains first hypothesis was that there is no disagreement between different social classes in pre purchase decisions about domestic appliance, as if there was a difference. A very small quantity of the low and heart class used newspapers as source of information compared to the high proportion of the upper class. This dissimilarity may be because of the different products that were used in both researches. The second hypothesis stated that there is a difference between classes when it comes to shopping trips, which was refuted since p ercentages showed that there was a difference between lower and middle classes since trips of shopping were great in number for the latter. The third hypothesis which was challenged by this replication of study was that there is no difference between women at different life cycle stage when it comes to shopping for groceries, which so far is not true, since women over 40 tended to shop more than younger women, plus the presence of children also change magnitude shopping trips for housewives. The fourth and last hypothesis stated that there is no difference in classes with respect to acquaintances on shopping habits. The study showed that lower class seemed to discuss their purchases with their husbands and other family members compared to middle class women who mainly shopped on their own. This paper thus concludes that there may be a lot of reasons that caused this diversity in results, like the area where the research was conducted, the definition of class and the products that were different from one another. Both researches thus had their limitations, its thus obvious that these researches cannot be generalized to all products and all kinds of consumers, but in their area of focus they may provide insight for firms dealing in that product and area.Social Class and Income as Indicators of Consumer Credit Behavior (John, 1970) is another study which further tested social class as a main factor influencing consumer behavior in the credit card market compared to another important factor, income. The researcher said that the consumer would go for installments if they differ in different social classes. Although social class is considered as a very significant factor while segmenting consumers, and the hypothesis stated that being involved in a social class above their income standing would result in great use of credit card. A questionnaire was sent out to 25000 credit card holders which used occupation and educational level as variables that comprise soci al class. The survey helped conclude that consumers attitudes can be understood by income and social class. This study is limited to credit card users, however it helps identify income as another important factor which can be used to segment consumers and identify their differing buying habits. According to the communication note (Gordon, 1975) social class was the main reason why consumer buying habits changed, but in this paper, it is income which may be a reason why the use of credit cards differs. This study is again not all encompassing, as it cannot go on and explain the correlation of income and social class.Social factors are important but they need to be persistent with the marketing and advertising so the marketers can gain some collar of their rank groups. In a study of Coca-Cola or Pepsi that is the Question ( Andersson, and Arvidsson ,2006) the researcher have studied the influence of different cultural, social, personal influence, media variables on consumer buying b ehavior. With these factors they also studies the brand equity of Coco Cola and Pepsi with various factors such as brand strength, brand writ of execution etc. They also looked at sponsored events with celebrity endorsement campaigns. They used the quantitative approach as their methodology by using questioners they gathered information specific to Coco Cola and Pepsi consumers, trying to know what drives people to have Coke or Pepsi. They divided there sample in three different age groups and saw the life cycle stage of every respondent. The conclusion they reached was that their analysis, that they have drawn shows the following conclusion that advertising, social factors, brand and age all affect consumer preferences to some extent. The limitations to this study were that the researcher had preconceived notion about Pepsi and Cokes advertisement however there research focused more on advertisement as compared to other cultural and social factors.Reference groups and formal group s form part of the social factor that influences consumer buying behavior. In Social Comparison and Informal conclave Influence(George, 1976), according to a theory of Festinger which states that individual have a habit of comparing themselves with others and see the consequence of their behaviors. With social comparison ones evaluation about themselves increases or decreases and due to this people give themselves internal rewards. A consumer can thus use two ways to approach his group, either through a reflected appraisal, or through a comparative appraisal. The study was carried out by sending out questionnaires to 408 females who used cosmetics. The hypothesis that were tested by this survey was that is a compulsory relationship between consumers communication with informal groups and a need to obtain information from them, secondly, theres a positive relationship with the credibility of the source and thirdly the greater the consumer is associated with the group the greater th e influence on purchase decision. The information gathered supported all of the above hypothesis, thus the findings can be useful for marketers in the sense that if they want to penetrate a market, they need to find out if similar characteristics exist in it, since consumers then are significantly exaggerated by the behavior of their social group, or people they find are similar to them. However, this study cannot be used by the marketers who cant operate in such a market where no similarities among customers.Social factors such as price, quality, product attributes and other factors influence a persons mind set for purchase decisions. Explaining the Choice of original Produce Cosmetic Defects, Prices, and Consumer (Gary D. Thompson and Julia Kidwell, 1998) explains how consumers decision differ in buying organic or normal quality products. The researcher used random utility and decided choice models to see how consumers choose between organic verses a predictable product. Choice between the two items was measured on a scale of price, attributes of the product as well as a persons income, quality of the product and traits of random components,Data was collected through observation of two utility stores in different areas the loyalty towardsa store was also looked upon. Information about the consumers demographics and social economic status was also gathered. Researcher wanted to gather that does cosmetic flee in items, price or other factors motivated the consumer to buy organic or conventional items. Some significant results were deduced that age and gender has little significance, however house hold with more children bough organic food. Effects of education on organic food purchase were mixed, the store choice played an important factor in the decision process, nevertheless there were some restrictions to the learning there was geographical concerns, and further studies related to organic produce needs to conduct.All these researches however focus on con sumers as the target market, few pieces of literature are found on industry buyers as their area of focus. A General simulate for Understanding Organizational Buying Behavior (Frederick, 1972) provides a general model to help understand organizational buying behavior. According to the paper, organization buying decision is a process which involves interacting with other people. The organization is thus affected by four main factors individual, social, organizational, and environmental. Organizational buying decision is a process earlier than a single act and is way more complex. This paper devolves a model called skeleton identifying the major variables that must be selected for planning strategies. The model however fails to point out which factor takes precedence over another, and thus it is obvious that organizational buying behavior is an area needs more detailed analysis, which can help firms point out the glitches in the general model and create a more comprehensive model fo r planners.Many theories have been provided above with the researches point of views on how to interpret consumers buying behavior patterns, what consumers do when they purchase a product. More research needs to be carried out in Consumer Behavior physiology under separate variables to see which variables effects the most in consumer physiology. Different views and some consumer related models need to be test more to gain a deeper understanding of the consumers mind set. By focusing more on consumers reasons to purchase a product, marketers can gain a deeper understanding of the consumer, which will help them in capturing their target market. Judgment making needs to be simplified for marketers, which can only happen if adequate information is presented regarding consumer buying behavior.REFERENCEShttp//www.jstor.org/horse barn/1250972http//www.jstor.org/stable/2489047http//www.jstor.org/stable/2489543http//www.jstor.org/stable/2489616http//www.jstor.org/stable/1244500(Eva-Lena Ande rsson ,Evelina Arvidsson ,Cecilie Lindstrm )Coca-Cola or Pepsithat is the Question A study about different factors affecting consumer preferenceshttp//www.jstor.org/stable/3150733http//www.jstor.org/stable/2489457http//www.jstor.org/stable/2489544http//www.jstor.org/stable/1250840

The Effectiveness Of Hand Washing Nursing Essay

The Effectiveness Of Hand Washing Nursing EssayThis essay attempts to investigate whether batch lavation is an effective technique in the prevention of the spread of transmittance. I will do this by analyzing the existing evidence in relation to the power structure of evidence. I will then go for the Critical Skills Appraisal Programme (CASP) (2006) to discuss three studies, while looking at the related literature. Finally in the conclusion I will discuss how the evidence I concord analyzed will affect my future practice. According to the centers of disease control (2002) glove washing is the simplest most effective measure for preventing the spread of bacteria, pathogens and viruses.Hamer (1999) reports evidence based practice aims to aid professionals in effective decision making to reduce ineffective, conflicting possible hazardous practices. The strength of the hierarchy of evidence is that it acknowledges the valid contribution of evidence generated by a range of differe nt slips of query. However, hierarchies only provide a guide to the strength of the available evidence and other issues much(prenominal) as the quality of research also have an important influence (Evans, 2003). Cool et al 1992 suggest that the highest form of evidence available should be combined with the highest recommendation range as this suggests superior validity, applying these forms of evidence to practice should be considered. The Nursing and tocology Council (2008) guide lines would support this idea that the use of evidence-based practice is appropriate and necessary within the clinical setting. According to Duffy (2008) reflection is a development process, which should benefit the wellness cargon professional and their practice as a result. The Gibbs (1988) reflection example will be used through come to the fore this essay to help reflect on the chosen aspect of nursing.Gibbs model of reflection (1988) begins by giving a description of the event. While on placement I was caring for an elderly man. In a three hour period this patient had four episodes of a sudden need to have his bowels opened. Each time the sdick appeared to be loose. by and by the third episode I told my mentor who told me to talk a sample the next time he had his bowels opened. We also made other members of the team alert of this. Following these episodes the patient began to vomit frequently. My mentor along with the senior nurse decided that the patient should be place in a side mode to prevent the spread of a possible infection the patient whitethorn have. Once the patient had been transferred to his manner all staff were to wear aprons and gloves when in the room and to wash their turns when leaving the room. My mentor explained to me that these steps were start outn to prevent the spread of infection. I have decided to look at the evidence that suggests that hand hygiene helps to prevent the spread of infection as from talking to other members of staff they knew they should wash their hands for infection control reasons but knew little more.The CASP (2006) tool will be used to appraise the chosen research. Search engines such as Internurse, Journal of advance nursing and Cochrane Collaboration were used. Three main bodies of research will be focused on throughout this essay.Ejemot RI et al (2009) carried out a systematic review to evaluate the effects of interjections to promote hand washing on diarrhea episodes in children and adults. Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias. In order for evidence based medicine to be practiced clinical expertise and clinical evidence from systematic reviews need to be combined (Sackett et al, 1997). Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI). This systematic review was carried out in 2009 with 14 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) meeting the inclusion criteria. Randomised cont rolled trials (RCTs) are perceived as the gold-standard military rank method for evidence based medicine and the rest to be a lower level evidence (Fielding et al, 2008). The evidence within this journal is considered to have a high impact factor. The impact factor of a journal reflects the frequency with which the journals articles are cited in the scientific literature (Saha et al, 2003). The impact factor is used to experience the quality of a piece of evidence (Garfield, 2005). Eight trials were institution-based in high-income countries (7711 participants), five were community-based in low or middle-income countries (8055 participants), and one was in a high-risk sort (people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome), these sample sizes are adequate, however the trials were carried out in various countries such as China, Australia, Europe, and North America where resources and materials for hand washing are relatively available and accessible with the exception of China. Thi s may hinder the results. Results showed a 39% reduction in diarrhoea episodes in children in institutions in high-income countries and a 32% reduction in episodes in children living in communities in low- or middle-income countries. The author acknowledges the need for longer follow up periods.Randle et al (2010) performed an empirical study which measured wellnesscare workers (HCWs), patients and visitors hand hygiene compliance over a 24hour period. The study took place in two infirmary wards in 2010. This study monitored a total of 823 hand hygiene opportunities. 659 (80%) of these participants were HCWs, 75 (9%) for patients and 89 (11%) for visitors. Of the 659 hand hygiene opportunities available to HCWs, compliance by doctors was 47%, nurses 75%, ancillary nurses and other staff 59%, and allied health professionals 78%. For HCWs, compliance did not vary between the two wards but did by liberation with compliance being lower in the morning shift. The author has recognized v ariables that may have affected the results such as profession, ward type, time of day, type of opportunity and patient or visitors. The author also sates the likelihood of HCWs being directly observed was very high. Such a bias might sophisticate compliance percentages. The fact the study took place in one hospital may limit the findings as the specific infrastructure and organisation of work may influence behaviour. Direct observation is the gold standard to monitor compliance to optimal hand hygiene practice and we conducted observations using a previously formalize hand hygiene observation tool. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using the direct observational technique. Evaluation brief (2008) state some of the disadvantages may be, reviewer bias, people usually perform better when they know they are being observed, although indirect observation may decrease this problem, Can be expensive and time-consuming compared to other data collection methods and does not i ncrease your understanding of why people behave as they do. Advantages to the observational technique have been identified by DeWALT and DeWALT (2002) allows you to directly see what people do rather than relying on what people say they did which does not rely on peoples willingness or ability to provide information.Burnett et al (2008) conducted a quantitative study which aimed to study exploring perceptions of nurses and patients towards patient hand hygiene and addressing current practice in relation to patients who were unable to independently perform their have hand hygiene. From the results of this study it is clears that patient hand hygiene is an important factor in controlling and preventing HCAI, but patients still remain unable to carry out this task independently as they are not given the opportunity to do so. Opportunities for hand decontamination were identified. The results showed, 57% opportunities before meal times, 21% opportunities following use of the commode at the bedside, 2% opportunities after using the urinal, 5% opportunities after visiting the toilet, 4% opportunities following vomiting and expectoration of sputum. Ethical considerations were made such as asking for consent. The senior charge nurse gave verbal consent for the study to take place on the various wards. Staff nurses who agree to take part in the studies completed questionnaires that remained anonymous. Patients who took part in this research were asked to provide written consent and finally all participants were given appropriate information explaining the blueprint of the study. The Human Rights Act protects the right to respect for private and family life and thus supports the need for consent to participate in research (Masson, 2004). All research involving NHS patients or staff or conducted on NHS premises have to be O.K. by a NHS Ethics Committee (Center of research ethical campaign, 2009).The study approved by The hospitals Committee on Medical Research Ethics. Banfield and Kerr (2005) suggest that patient hand hygiene as HCAI continue to rise despite hand hygiene research and the implementation of a multitude of intervention strategies, the author acknowledges that there were limitations to the study. Such limitations are that patients do not receive to opportunity to participate in correct hand hygiene procedure. The author also recommended that patient hand hygiene practices should become an important focus within infection control intervention strategies and consideration should be given to hand hygiene facilities when patients are unable to independently access hand washing sinks.In conclusion I have recognised that there is a large sum of evidence that can be applied to practice in relation to this topic. Appling evidence-based practice within the health care setting faces many barriers such as staff not having the time or means to access or critique data. The most worthy lesson I have learnt throughout this essay is that just beca use there is research on a topic does not mean that this piece of work is each valuable of credible. Due to this I have realised research should be analysed to determine whether the information is useful and can be applied in practice. From the text file I have analysed I have realised that hand washing is in fact the most effective way to prevent the spread of infection but factors such as environment time and profession can affect people from washing their hands effectively. From undertaking this assignment I savor that I will continue to access evidence which underpins our practice throughout my career.

Salem Power Plant :: essays research papers

The capital of Oregon Harbor big businessman course of studyt is a sobering threat to the public health and it may only get worse. There is a severe concern about toxic air emissions from the prior louse up disposal practices. That is why Bushs energy plan doesnt quite work? In the Salem Evening tenders it says that, The Bush plan only pays lip service to the threat of global warming, the greatest environmental danger of our time. (Kert Davies) The Bush plan may of solved the threat of global warming, alone in reality Pollution from oil- and coal-burning power plants kills more commonwealth in Massachusetts every year than homicides and drunken driving combined. Why should the public be harmed every time they decide to take a jog around the block? People are dying each year due to the Salem Harbor power plant. The activists planted crosses to symbolize the deaths caused by the mining and burning of coal made, making the point that the Bush plan is over reliant on coal, a dir ty energy source. (Davies) Not only does the Salem Harbor power plant kill people each year but other(a) plants such as Brayton Point in Somerset Canal Station in Sandwich Mystic Station in Everett Mt. Tom Station in Holyoke and Somerset Station in Somerset (Davies) kill people too. The real factor that kills the people is the coal. It may not seem it but coal kills the people who mine it, and when corporate polluters burn it coal destroys our air, and shortens lives. (Davies) So should the general public be harmed everyday when they decide to go for a jog in the forenoon?What can be done to prevent coal from being used? There are enough new gas-fired power plants under construction to egress nearly half of New Englands peak demand. Two new gas pipelines are now operational, adding enough natural gas add to New England to power all the new plants currently being built. (Davies) We dont get our power from a particular power plant, but from the web of power plants and transmissio n lines across the region called the grid. These new plants will come on line over the next one to two years, to compete against the old, dirty units to supply our electric power. (Davies) So using the gas pipelines is one way to cut down on the coal. How about another way?In fact in that location

Technology :: Technology Research

Technology is a broad concept that deals with a species usage and familiarity of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species capacity to control and adapt to its milieu. In human society, it is a consequence of science and engineering, although several technological advances predate the two concepts. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek technologia, techne, (craft) and logia, (saying).1 However, a strict definition is elusive technology can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, computer hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas examples include complex body part technology, medical technology, or state-of-the-art technology.The human races use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the might to control fire increased the availa ble sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological cultures, including the stamp press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes the break upment of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including todays global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the prejudice of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises n ew ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the feel of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied but to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.Philosophical debates have arisen over the devote and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations.