Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition Many factors can influence the children’s success in learning the second language. Being brought up in the bilingual family, a person can develop speech skills in both languages simultaneously or in sequence. That is why, both languages can affect each other because of similarities or differences in their structures and semantics. Family and school environments are important to affect the process of learning two languages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Second Language Acquisition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the degree of the second language learning and acquisition can be assessed with references to the number and character of errors made by the learner while using the second language for communicating with the other people. During the process of acquisition of two languages, a child can make developmental errors, transfer errors, and mix languages while communicating orally, and the char acter of these errors can be analyzed in order to make conclusions about the level of the second language acquisition. When a child is brought up in the family where parents use two languages to communicate with each other the child can make definite errors and mix languages while attempting to present his or her thought because these two languages used within the common environments can influence each other. Developmental errors are characteristic for a person when two languages are learnt simultaneously or when a child at the first stage of learning the second language (Paradis, Genesee, Crago, 2011). Developmental errors are the speech mistakes which can be made by any young person because the basics of the language are not learnt fully, and only the first efforts to use the second language correctly are made by a child. Thus, it is possible to state that developmental errors are rather natural in their character because they are not caused by the impact of the other language (P aradis, Genesee, Crago, 2011, p. 265). The examples of such errors are the wrong word order, grammatical mistakes, and the omission of morphemes. For instance, the child omits verbs and some prepositions and changes the word order because of lacking the necessary knowledge about definite grammatical rules. There can be errors in using the endings of words in relation to plurals or possessive cases (â€Å"then I said yes and then not my friends and then they ask me to be their friends again†) (Chloe, personal communication, 2013). From this perspective, a child can formulate the phrase or sentence inappropriately according to their structure because of omitting some important details such as the word order of subjects and predicates. Thus, the child can say ‘sever’ instead of ‘civil’ or ‘paying’ instead of ‘playing’ as a result of confusing words (Chloe, personal communication, 2013). These errors are caused by the similarit ies in the words’ pronunciation, but they are not affected by the particular features of the other language in which the learner can be more competent. That is why, these errors can be discussed as developmental ones.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When errors in the learner’s speech are caused by the first language background these errors are discussed and analyzed as transfer errors. The role of transfer errors is important to examine and assess the level of the language acquisition from the point of the first language’s impact on the process of learning the second language (Baker, 2007, p. 212). The child can make transfer errors when he or she is confused in relation to the two languages’ differences and similarities. Thus, it is typical for children to accentuate words according to the accent patterns which are characteristic for the first language’s structure and rules. It is also possible to pronounce words while learning the second language according to the known patterns which are frequently used in the first language. It is important to note that transfer errors are more closely connected with language mixing than with developmental errors because they are caused by the usage of the other language (Baker, 2007, p. 215). Language mixing along with transfer errors is characteristic for learners who speak those two languages which are similar in their nature, used principles, and rules as well as in the pronunciation of many words (Hartsuikerl, Pickering, Veltkamp, 2004). The phenomenon of language mixing is observed when a child uses both languages simultaneously because of spending much time within the environments where people speak two different languages (Heredial Altarriba, 2001). Living in the bilingual family, a child can mix languages in order to adapt to the situation and provide the nec essary word or phrase quickly and without concentrating on the language used (Hartsuikerl, Pickering, Veltkamp, 2004). There are a lot of concepts and notions which are operated in the family in one language in spite of the concrete situation of communication and language which can be used in relation to these definite circumstances (Greene, Pena, Bedore, 2013). Thus, the child can be inclined to mix languages while speaking about his or her family. For instance, grandmother and grandfather can be referred to as ‘Nana’ and ‘Tata’ because these concepts are frequently used in the family in order to speak about relatives as well as father can be called not ‘daddy’, but ‘papito’ (Chloe, personal communication, 2013). The first and second languages are mixed because these words are used while speaking in English. Language mixing is typical for young children because they do not analyze the fact of speaking two different languages, bu t children use the word which is more common for them, for instance, ‘Nana’ and ‘Tata’ instead of grandmother and grandfather.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Second Language Acquisition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The low percentage of developmental errors and language mixing indicates the good level of the second language acquisition. Thus, the frequent usage of such words as ‘Nana’, ‘Tata’, and ‘papito’ cannot be discussed as the influential factor to speak about the low level of the second language acquisition. However, the problems with structuring sentences and providing grammatical forms of words which can be analyzed as developmental errors are important to make conclusions about the level of learning the second language with references to learning and using its basic principles (Baker, 2007). Therefore, the degree of the second l anguage learning can be assessed by teachers with the help of examining the learner’s developmental and transfer errors and language mixing. Developmental errors are characteristic for the first stages of learning the second language when the key rules are learnt and skills are improved. The concepts of transfer errors and language mixing support the idea about the impact of the first language on the process of learning the second one. From this perspective, the situation of children’s language mixing can be discussed as more typical for bilingual families where both languages are learnt simultaneously. References Baker, C. (2007). A parents’ and teachers’ guide to bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Greene, K., Pena, E., Bedore, L. (2013). Lexical choice and language selection in bilingual preschoolers. Child Language Teaching and Therapy February, 29(1), 27-39. Hartsuikerl, R., Pickering, M., Veltkamp, E. (2004). Is Syntax Separate or Shared Between Languages? Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Spanish-English Bilinguals. Psychological Science, 15(6), 409-414.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heredial, R., Altarriba, J. (2001). Bilingual Language Mixing: Why Do Bilinguals Code-Switch? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 164-168. Paradis, J., Genesee, F., Crago, M. (2011). Dual language development and disorders. Baltimore, M. D.: Brookes.

Book Review on Campaign Finance essays

Book Review on Campaign Finance essays Campaign finance reform has already become an issue for debate in this election year's primaries. This matter does not hold a large amount of interest for the average American, it is not an issue that is going to sway a large amount of voters. The book examines all facets of campaign finance including sources of contributions and finance reform. The book then takes a close, hard look at the 1980 presidential election and the 1982 congressional races. The author approaches the subject matter in a very thorough and systematic method. He makes very insightful comments on the state of campaign finance in the early 1980's which are still relevant in this election year because this issue has been an important facet of the primary debates. The book discusses the history of campaign reform from its beginnings in the early 20th century. The book touches on the theoretical aspects of election campaign finance, but is more a study of hard data and facts, the history of campaign spending in a few different periods and the actual evolution and cash explosion that now creates a truly national spectacle. Alexander begins the book describing why such large amounts of political campaign money is needed. "Since the Republic's founding, printing has been the most basic campaign expense." (Alexander, 5). Alexander explains that printed reading materials including pamphlets, flyers, mailings and placards represent a huge chunk of the cost of running for office. The evolution of campaigning has drastically changed the landscape. Extensive and intense media coverage has increased the need for a politician to be always prepared for a direct examination by a journalist. Alexander notes that the largest increase in campaign spending began in the 1950's, with the introduction of television and the advent of the commercial. Between the 1948 and the 1952 elections, enough Americans had bought television sets that the candidates in the 1952 electio...

Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Exam - Assignment Example Another error parents make is they get mad at their children. Scaring the children by yelling them is the opposite of giving into their demands. This is coercive and worsen the children’s behavior because they will do the same annoying thing again when the yelling dad is not around. â€Å"Goodness of Fit† means being able to productively fit with the environment. A centered, well-adjusted person has the goodness of fit. Parents can have this skill by looking at their children and environment as they are and not as they want them to be. If they choose the latter, they will always be fighting with reality. They need to adjust according to the personality of their child. Parents can contribute in the same context by creating the good fit of environment for their child. If their child is interested in reading comics then encouragement from parents about comics will help boost the child’s self-esteem. But if they create an environment where the child finds it difficult to adjust with an adverse environment (different than his own personality), then it will create problems for the family. The early years of childhood are extremely important for children’s developmental trajectories. Parents can have several roles during this phase of their child’s development. As mentors the parents can teach their children the necessary skills of survival. They teach to stay away from fire and other harmful objects. As guardians, parents can give the sense of comfort and protection to children. And as playmates, parents can give their children the playful company they deserve. When these roles are played effectively it contributes in the healthy development of children. The focus is not only parent’s responsibility to play these roles. Parents also need to be psychologically healthy to have the positive impact on children’s developmental trajectories. If a parent is depressed, it will have a negative impact on the children. Each family

Change in Conceptions of Core and Periphery States Essay

Change in Conceptions of Core and Periphery States - Essay Example This paper analyzes in depth and details the effects of new emerging states, with high rates of economic growth and growing political influence, and their role in altering the conceptions of core and periphery. The growth of the world in recent years can be described to be particularly exemplary with strides being made all across the core and periphery states. For some advanced ideologies it has been presumed that the periphery is the log of the international development spectrum, with more honor and recognition being accosted to the core. Politics is a whole different ball game as compared to economics. The main distinguishing factor that primarily stands out in our determination of supremacy is the length of time enjoyed in terms of independence and self-support. With these parameters in place it becomes quite easy to single out the most supreme purely on this virtue. The tear that exists between genders, principalities and states is as the main factor of consideration. A close analysis, reveals see the essence behind the ideology since it is by this reason that some world affairs occurred. Most notably is the colonial era, the first and Second World War and the recent economic resections that cut across the world Women were at a disadvantage with a lot of factors playing against them residually to the effect of creating a block and entanglement between them and the developing world. Such factors were that; women were easily victimized, lacked the power and ability of confrontation and lacked the platform to begin from.

R.W. Emerson and Transcendentalism Essay Example for Free

R.W. Emerson and Transcendentalism Essay Saying Ralph Waldo Emerson is the same as saying Transcendentalism. A word not many understand, a concept seen in his convictions; not only a literary movement but a lifestyle movement and the beginning of a long term change in society. † What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us, is Idealism;† (Emerson, The Trancendeltalist, from Lectures, 1842)this movement allowed intellectual support and leadership to a number of social reforms that would not have been able to occur without the ideals of Emerson. Looking at Emerson’s’ Nature, Self-Reliance, and other works along with his most recognized follower Henry David Thoreau’s Walden; there are many similarities in their context that apply to life today. One of the main ideals in the literary contributions of the Transcendentalist authors of the 1830-1880’s was the idea that man is not governed by the predisposition of the Calvinist movement during that time but rather a vessel himself to be closer to god and the divine. Gone were the text like writings of the earlier American authors and a new more feeling and personal literature emerged. Emerson believed that each person held a â€Å"spark of divinity† he advocated for nature and the lessons learned from it. Both Emerson and Thoreau were influenced by nature and both opposed to the political issues of their day; Thoreau being the more vocal in regards to the political issues as read in Civil Disobedience (MCMichael, 2007). But both avid supporters in social reform in America during the 1800’s in such areas as religion, education reform, and civil rights. The Transcendental movement started by Emerson also consisted of authors such as Louisa May Alcott, Frederick Douglass, Margret Fuller, Emily Dickinson and many others that have greatly influenced not only America’s literary movement, but major changes in political and social injustices that have plagued our nation since conception. Although both authors reflect on the elements, both Nature and Walden also address the underlying ideals of spirituality, simplicity and the value of self and the soul. Thoreau’s Walden is an actual attempt to live Emerson’s ideas wrote in Nature. â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan- like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion. † (Thoreau) This personal statement reflective of transcendentalism, is directly influenced by the works of Emerson writes â€Å"The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes. † Thoreau in living on Walden Woods, recounts a little over two years of living off the land; growing his own food, building his own shelter, and reflecting in nature. Thoreau has walked back to the â€Å"foregoing generations† and attempted to reconnect with nature around him thus living out the ideas expressed in his mentors, Nature. Thoreau, in doing so realized the affects of simplicity in expanding our minds and understanding of self by observing the ever-changing nature around us, how it coexists and how we can reach enlightenment. The statement â€Å"A lake is the landscape’s most beautiful and expressive feature. It is Earth’s eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. † (Thoreau) Is an insight into the motivation of the experiment Walden. It is also reflective of Emerson â€Å"In the woods we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befall me in life,-no disgrace, no calamity,(leaving me my eyes,)which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all;† (Emerson) Wherein Emerson is stating that in nature he is able to let go of the realities of the industrial world and really see into one’s self and better understand our society and culture as a whole. Emerson attempted to change the view of people to a broader more objective and simple way of looking at life. By seeing the balance and simplicity of nature; really seeing, one can see into their own soul and better live life as it should be lived. â€Å"Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. † (Emerson) Not only did both Emerson and Thoreau believe in the simplicity of life in an effort to keep clarity of sight and mind, but they both believed in the importance of caring for and excepting self in the individual soul. Thoreau wants to get in touch with his soul and Emerson points out the vastness of the soul and the lack of complete usage of most. Emerson also says, â€Å"The soul circumscribes all things. As I have said it contradicts all experience. † (Emerson, The Over-Soul, Essays the first series, 1841) Emerson was a philosopher and teacher in the sense that he used his education and religious beliefs in creation of an alternate way of seeing things. America has been directly changed and in my opinion for the better by the ideal of Emerson. Many past, present and future leader in the areas of education and sociological reform were inspired by the words of Emerson and Thoreau . There are no days in life so memorable as those which vibrated to some stroke of imagination (Emerson) The wider impact that the ideas of Transcendentalism had on the development of America have changed and shaped our country as no other movement could. The views behind Transcendentalism include personal freedom, simplicity, dignity and value of every human life. The concept of God is not un-presented, rather excepted and added to the views that all man is responsible to live for himself to the best of himself and therefore be closer to the divine nature of self. Beware when the great God lets loose a thinker on this planet. Then all things are at risk. It is as when a conflagration has broken out in a great city, and no man knows what is safe, or where it will end. (Emerson) Many of the abolitionists and reformers of the 1800’s were seen as the embodiment of Transcendentalism. While others major social reformers, activists and philosophers such as Martineau Gandhi, and even Barack Obama have been influenced by Emerson and Thoreau. However no matter how great the influence and the outcome Emerson was a thinker waiting for the rest of the world to catch up with him in his beliefs. The reason he is and always will be a beacon of reason and hope to all of humanity can in a few words be reflected by his sense of divinity of self. â€Å"Finish each day and be done with it. You have done what you could; some blunders and absurdities have crept in; forget them as soon as you can. Tomorrow is a new day; you shall begin it serenely and with too high a spirit to be encumbered with your old nonsense. †(Emerson) Sources; Emerson, R. W. Nature. Emerson, R. W. (1841). The Over-Soul, Essays the first series. Emerson, R. W. (1842). The Trancendeltalist, from Lectures. Boston. MCMichael. (2007). Anthology of American Literature. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Thoreau, H. D. Walden. http://www. transcendentalists. com/index. htm http://www. rwe. org/ http://www. npr. org/programs/morning/features/patc/walden/

Friendship Essay: What Makes A Good Friend? -- Friendship Essay, Person

A friend is someone difficult to find. A friend is someone you can always count on when times are tough. The dictionary's definition of a good friend is a person attached to another by feelings of affection or personal regard. A good friend is there when you are struggling. For example, when a boy breaks your heart a good friend walks you through it and offers a shoulder to cry on. According to Bree Neff, a good friend is someone who is trustworthy, doesn't talk behind your back, listens to your problems, gives good advice and tries to lend humor along with his or her support. There are also bad friends, those who pretend to care and then turn around gossiping and starting drama. Good and bad friends are all around you, involved in your everyday life. To find good friends you should look for such traits as being kind, trustworthy, loyal and dependable. A good friend must be kind because being kind is when they look out for you no matter what! If they hear girls talking about you, they are the friends that stop them. Friends look out for you even when you are arguing. A friend understands that you may not always get along but you should always try and be there for them and look out for them. Although this can be difficult at times, it proves how kind and loving you are. Another part of being kind is listening to one and another. Sometimes we don't care about what are friends have to say, but listening is really important. Listening shows that you value their friendship. Some friends only talk about themselves and never listen to your problems; that is not a good friend. Listening to each other helps you learn about the person as it shows character and tells that person you can count on them. In addition, being a ... ...in trouble. They are someone that will be there when you just need someone to talk. You can rely on them to show you they care, and be there till the end. A good friend may not have all these traits. If someone is a gossip, you shouldn't get too close with him or her. If they are known for betrayal and being dishonest you should think about it and probably take one step away from them. According to the site â€Å"Being Friends,† friends should listen to each other, not put each other down to hurt one another, understand each others feelings, disagree without hurting each other, and be dependable and trustworthy. When finding friends you should look out for the good and the bad. See which traits are most important to you and make sure your friends have more good than bad traits. This will create compatible friends for you who hopefully remain with you for a lifetime!

Existence of God Essay

†¢Translate and/or explain the following terms: aesity, arete, endoxa, ergon, eudaimonia, peccatum, telos, virtus, vitium – Arete: Greek for virtue, or excellence – Virtus and vitium: Latin for virtue and vice – Endoxon (endoxa): Greek, reputable opinion(s) †¢Ergon: Greek, function/characteristic activity – †¢Eudaimonia: Greek, happiness, well being †¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Peccatum: Latin, sin †¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Telos: Greek, end, aim †¢Discuss and/or apply the following concepts: doctrine of the mean, the endoxic method, the function argument, omnipotence The Endoxic Method- reputable opinions for ex. Happiness as uniquely human, as under our control, as requiring activity. The Function Argument-To know whether P is a good instance of its kind, you need to know the function (ergon) of P ? A virtue/excellence (arete) of P is a characteristic P needs in order to fulfill its function. The Doctrine of the mean-1. For any given situation, there is a specific affectation appropriate to it, e. g. , desire, anger, fear, confidence, envy, joy, pity, etc. 2. For any given affectation, one can exhibit it either too much, too little, or in the appropriate amount 3. The virtuous person always exhibits an affectation in the appropriate amount. -for ex. Truthfulness: virtue regarding telling the truth about oneself? Defect: self-depreciating Excess: phony omnipotence- all power and unlimited power †¢Distinguish goods that are, according to Aristotle, valued for the sake of other things, valued for their own sake, and valued for their own sake and for the sake of other things you want some things that gets you other stuff. for example money so its a sake for other things. valued for own sake-having a yacht gives you pleasure but then enjoying it with more friends and travel the world and give you more pleasure. the one good. happiness is the one thing that every one wants and is valued for its own sake. e †¢That which is valued only for its own sake and for whose sake everything else is desired †¢That which is valued for its own sake and for the sake of other things †¢That which is valued only for the sake of other things. †¢Discuss why Aristotle rejects conventional views that identify happiness with pleasure, honor, and virtue, and what he thinks this tells us about the nature of happiness Aristotle rejects three common conceptions of happiness—pleasure, honor, and wealth. Happiness, he says, cannot be identified with any of these things (even though all three may be part of an overall happy life). Pleasure, he says, is found in satisfying desires—but whether or not we can satisfy our desires is as much up to chance as it is up to us. †¢The life of pleasure. Problem: the life fit for a pig †¢The life of honor. Problem: not under our control †¢The life of virtue. Problem: compatible with inaction †¢Distinguish between psychological, somatic, and external goods, explaining how they contribute to Aristotle’s conception of happiness External goods- attractiveness, wealth.. Psychological Goods- mental health.. Somatic goods- â€Å"Nonetheless, happiness evidently needs external goods to be added, as we said, since we cannot, or cannot easily, do fine actions if we lack the resources. For, first of all, in many actions we use friends, wealth, and political power just as we use instruments. Further, deprivation of certain things —for instance, good birth, good children, beauty— mars our blessedness. For we do not altogether have the character of happiness if we look utterly repulsive or are ill-born, solitary, or childless; and we have it even less, presumably, if our children or friends are totally bad, or were good but have died. †¢Discuss the roles of habituation and right reason in Aristotle’s analysis of virtuous action function of human beings is knowledge and it what  separates from animals. virtuous action is what a rational person who acts for the right reason. but you also have to feel the correct emotions and feelings to do virtuous actions and be properly affected which means that you find the right things pleasant. And wants to do the right thing. so if you don’t feel like you want to give money to homeless and still give it it does not count as a virtous thing. the teachers ice cream technique- don’t want to do it but do it for ice cream but over time the kids want to do it because it is the virtuous thing to do. †¢Identify and describe Aristotle’s three requirements for friendship and his three different kinds of friendship Pleasure-friendships- Most common among theyoung, fades easily utility-friendships,- most common among the old and also fades easily. character-friendships- You love a person because of the good qualities she or he possesses. genuine friendship. †¢Explain what Aristotle means when he claims that friends are â€Å"second selves† â€Å"A friend is a second self, so that our consciousness of a friend’s existence†¦ makes us more fully conscious of our own existence. † and Friendly relations with one’s neighbors, and the marks by which friendships are defined, seem to have proceeded from a man’s relation with himself. For men think a friend is one who wishes well and does what is good, or seems so, for the sake of his friend, or one who wishes his friend to exist and live, for his sake† †¢Explain why Aquinas thinks God’s existence is self-evident, why it nonetheless may not be evident to us, and how Aquinas thinks God’s existence can be made evident Not every human realizes the existence of god. †¢Examples of self-evident propositions: †¢A pig is an animal; a bachelor is an unmarried male †¢Being self-evident in itself versus self-evident to us †¢Aquinas: â€Å"I maintain that God exists is self-evident in itself since its subject and predicate are identical†¦[but] the proposition is not self-evident to us† (197). †¢Question 02: can God’s existence be made evident? †¢Perhaps God’s existence is an article of faith, not of reason †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"There are two types of demonstration: those that argue from cause to effect†¦and those that argue from effect to cause† (198). †¢Hitting a pool ball, pressing the ‘on’ button, hand on the stove. †¢So, from what effects do we infer God’s existence? †¢God’s effects in the world, Mozart and his music †¢Understand Aquinas’ ‘unmoved mover’ and ‘teleological’ arguments for the existence of God and articulate at least one objection to each Argument one of five: the unmoved mover (200). Everything has a cause, but causes can’t go on infinitely. The first uncaused cause is God. Objections: why must it be God? Maybe time is infinite? Telos: the end toward which a thing strives. Everything in nature has a telos. If a thing is non-intelligent, some intelligence must give it its telos. Objection: nature is not telonic in this way †¢Discuss why the question ‘can God create a stone that God cannot lift? ’ is said to be paradoxical and how Aquinas tries to resolve the paradox †¢The paradox of omnipotence: can God create a stone he cannot lift? †¢If God can, there is something God cannot do, i. e. , lift the stone †¢If God cannot, there is something God cannot do, i. e. , create the stone †¢If there is something God cannot do, God is not omnipotent †¢Therefore, God is not omnipotent †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"So we conclude that God’s power extends to anything possible in itself and not implying contradiction. Clearly then God is called omnipotent because he can do everything possible in itself. † (p. 249). because if god cannot lift the the stone he created, he is not omintipitent and also if he cannot create that he cannot lift therefore he is not omnipotent so either way god is not omnipotent so aquinas says that god creates certain laws in the universe that he himself cannot break which is considered absolute possibility and relativee possibility is what he can change. †¢Explain what Aquinas means when he claims evil does not exist because evil does not exit because evil is absence of happiness. †¢Understand the weak and strong versions of the problem of evil and discuss Aquinas’ solution to the problem Strong version of the problem †¢If an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God exists, then evil does not exist †¢Evil exists †¢Therefore, an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God does not exist Weak version of the problem †¢Evil exists †¢The non-existence of God is a more plausible explanation of evil than is the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God †¢Therefore, it’s more plausible that God does not exist If an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God exists, then evil does not exist. †¢Aquinas’ answer to the problem of evil †¢Why is there evil and sin in thet world? †¢Evil is the necessary result of freedom of the will †¢Thus, God does not command sin, God permits sin †¢Does God cause evil and sin? †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"God is responsible for sinful actions but not for sins† 296 †¢Distinguish Aquinas’ conceptions of eternal, natural, and human law †¢Human law †¢Quoting Cicero: â€Å"laws start with what nature produces, then by use of reason certain things become customs, and finally things produced by nature and tested by custom are sanctified with†¦the weight of laws† (420). †¢Eternal law †¢God as divine legislator: â€Å"Clearly†¦the entire community of the universe is governed by God’s reason† (417). †¢Divine providence: ordering of the universe toward good †¢Natural law †¢Non-moral sense: laws of nature. †¢Moral sense: guides the actions of animals †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Since everything subjected to God’s providence is measured by the standards of his eternal law, as we have said, everything shares in some way in the eternal law, bearing its imprint in the form of a natural tendency to pursue the behavior and goals appropriate to it. Reasoning creatures are subject to God’s providence is a special, more profound way than others by themselves sharing in the planning† (418). Eternal law is identical to the mind of God as seen by God himself. It can be called law because God stands to the universe which he creates as a ruler does to a community which he rules. When God’s reason is considered as it is understood by God Himself, i. e. in its unchanging, eternal nature (q91, a1) , it is eternal law.

5 steps in a process to collect digital evidence Essay

Some important steps in the process of collecting digital evidence from the time you are called to assist and the time when you have to testify are: identifying evidence, collecting evidence, preserving evidence, analyzing evidence and presenting evidence (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2332). One of the first steps in identifying evidence is understanding the purpose of the investigation. This knowledge will help you to decide what evidence you will need based on the type of case you’re participating in. A critical part of identifying evidence if it is a criminal investigation would be to know what is allowed on the search warrant. As the Computer Forensics Jumpstart we are using for our textbook, seldom is â€Å"take everything† allowed (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2332). Even if the investigation does not involve a search warrant, care must be taken to operate within legal guidelines because ANY investigation may â€Å"end up as prime evidence for lawsuits in the future† (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2341). The second step in identifying the evidence is to take a look around. Perform a site survey (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2351). Take pictures, make notes, sketch the area and make sure you have enough information to describe the area in detail should you need at some future date (Solomon et. al, 2011, 2361). Take note of what you see and what you think it means. You will look at the usual laptop or computer and at the hard drive and other portable storage devices of course, but remember to look beyond the obvious. The textbook uses the example of seeing a high-speed scanner and a credit card reader (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2389) and thinking about what possibilities these items would be used for.

10 Opinion Essay Topics on the History of Architecture

10 Opinion Essay Topics on the History of Architecture A discussion on the history of architecture is one that attempts to trace the tenets, regions and reasons that played a part in shaping what we regard as the field of architecture today. Therefore, when writing an opinion piece on architectural history, the use of facts, figures and landmark case studies is important to the development of your essay. In this article, some interesting facts on the history of architecture will be shared to help students and even aspiring novelist truly understand the factors that drove man into creating stable structures for diverse human and animal use. Architecture as we know it began in the Neolithic Era. Cultural studies backed up by excavated ancient dwellings pin-point the Neolithic era, approximately around 10,000 BC, as the period in which man began to make architectural structures using a combination of wood and stone. The next architectural innovation occurred around 3,000 BC in Mesopotamia and this was the development of bricks from mud for the construction of buildings. Ancient architecture was heavily influenced by religion. In ancient Egypt as well as other early societies, the belief in a series of omnipotent gods was present and these societies attempted to garner favour from their gods by building architectural monuments in their honour. Thus the most important buildings and architectural feats of the ancient worlds were usually testaments to the gods. The roman architectural revolution is the most important influence on modern architecture. The Roman architectural revolution otherwise known as the concrete revolution involved the concept of urban planning, the use of concrete and the creation of structures such as arches, vaults and domes for the first time. These new phenomenon ended up been passed through generations and are still been put to use in the modern architectural age. During the Roman architectural revolution, amphitheatres, aqueducts, dams and harbours were conceived and built for the first time. Persian architecture influenced Islamic architecture. The Persian Empire- with its capital located in modern day Iran- has been accredited as one of the cradles of civilization by UNESCO. In terms of architecture, the Islamic architecture of modern day Iran draws a majority of its inspiration from its pre-Islamic history dominated by Persia. The periods of the Parthians and Sassanid rule led to architectural revolutions such as the use of barrel-vaulted chambers, domes and tall columns to design regal buildings. These innovations can be seen in a majority of the great mosques that have been built in Asia. Chinese Architecture was influenced by the Chinese Culture and remains unchanged. The Chinese culture has largely influenced its architecture for over 4,000 years. The use of bilateral symmetry which represents balance dominates Chinese architecture. Unsurprisingly, this architectural style has gone on to influence architecture in most of Eastern Asia for the last 2,000 years. With Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese architecture taking their inspiration from Chinese architectural styles, patterns and designs. Although western influences continue to seep into the Chinese culture, its architectural patterns still remain unchanged. The Incan culture and architecture is credited for building the first suspension bridges. The Incas became the predominant tribe in South America due to a combination of reasons and an extensive road system was one of them. The Inca rope bridges which were used to cross valleys can be considered as the world’s first suspension bridges. The Incas were also known to be skilled stone cutters whose masonry used no mortar to keep structures standing together. Medieval architecture was generally built for defence. Medieval architecture were the building patterns common in medieval Europe and the surviving structures from that period showed that defending oneself from enemies played an important role in defining its architecture. Architecture from this period are characterised by castles fortified walls, battlements and cross-shaped windows which all served as both defensive and offensive shelters against invaders. Gothic architecture emphasis on verticality and was inspired by religion. The Gothic architectural style was founded in France during the 11th and 12th century. It heralded the use of pointed arches, flying buttresses, clustered columns, skeletal stone structures and glass to build beautiful cathedrals. These advances in architecture led communities all over Europe to build taller cathedrals than what was previously seen in the pre-roman era. To achieve this, architects in the gothic era made use of all spires, columns and arches to elongate gothic structures. The Italians are credited as the fathers of renaissance architecture. In architecture, the renaissance refers to the Italian renaissance which occurred in the 14th century and was revolutionary due to its emphasis on ‘perspective’ rather than geometry to the building of structures. The focus on perspective allowed people to experience architecture through a new understanding of space and the projection of images. The Italian renaissance quickly spread across Europe and by the 16th century had influenced the architectural styles of the entire continent. The Aksumite style influenced early African architecture. African architecture has been diverse through the years from Ancient Egypt to Ethiopia and although religion played a huge role in defining ancient Egyptian architecture, the Aksumite culture also played a huge role in defining other African architecture. Aksumite architecture was prevalent in Ethiopia and it made use of wood and stone alternatively to build masterpieces. By the 8th century, multi-storey towers had been built in Africa due to Aksumite architectural advancements. Over the years, colonial architecture became the prevalent force in African architecture and this lead to the incorporation of European and Arabic influences into African architecture. Here we come to the end of the 10 interesting facts on the history of architecture which can be used as the basis of your opinion essay. For further reading, it is recommended that you go through other supporting materials on writing an essay such as 20 topics for an opinion essay on the history of architecture as well as a simple guide on writing a solid opinion essay on the history of architecture. References: Tournikiotis, P. (1999). The Historiography of Modern Architecture. 1st ed. Cambridge, Mass. Di Castro, A. Hope, C. Parr, B. (n.d.). Housing and Habitat in the Ancient Mediterranean. Schneider, T. (2011). An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion. 1st ed. Grand Rapids, Mich. Roberts, E. (1977). Moulding Analysis and Architectural Research: The Late Middle Ages. Architectural History, 20, p.5. Murray, P. Murray, L. (1996). The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture. 1st ed. Oxford: New York. Gà ¼leà §, A. and Tulun, T. (1996). Studies of Old Mortars and Plasters from the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Period of Anatolia. Architectural Science Review, 39(1), pp.3-13. Newman, J. (1992). Inigo Joness Architectural Education before 1614. Architectural History, 35, p.18.

Athena-Goddess of War and Wisdom essays

Athena-Goddess of War and Wisdom essays Athena was born from a mortal woman named Metis, (meaning wisdom) and fathered by Zeus, king of the gods. The story starts off by Zeus taking Metis as his wife. Soon after she became pregnant. The gods Gaea, mother-earth, and the starry Uranus, god of the sky, found out that Metis was with child and gave Zeus some advice. They both told Zeus that Metis would give birth to a child who would come to be wiser and a far better warrior than he. Under advisement of Gaea and Uranus he swallowed Metis before she could give birth fearing that the child would overthrow him. In newer text, the story of Athenas birth is portrayed with trickery, by a crafty Zeus, in which he first turns Metis into a fly and then swallows her. When time came for the birth of the child, Hephaestus (son of Zeus and Hera) took an ax to the head of Zeus and split it open. Again, in newer text, Athena is born inside her father and releases herself with her sharp blade cutting herself out. With a roarin! g cry Athena sprung out of Zeuss head. She was fully grown and dressed in her battle armor. In one hand she carried a shield and in the other a spear and she wore a helmet of gold. Athena daughter of Zeus was very close to her father since she was born from him. Zeus grew to admire her. And this is the birth of Athena, goddess of war and wisdom. Athena is the daughter of Zeus. She was very close to her father since she was born from him. This is a story that shows that Athena, like many gods, have petty emotions, like jealousy, and they are not unlike that of mortals. Arachne was a student of Athena. Arachne was born from a low class family. Her father Idmon, dyed wool for a living. Athena had taught Arachne well in arts and crafts. Arachne would draw a crowd of nymphs every time she started a tapestry. They would watch with awe as she gathered unworked wool and turned it into ...

Minimum wage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minimum wage - Term Paper Example There have been two proposals for adult minimum-wage and teen wages in the United States. Adults need the minimum-wage for living expenses and teens need them to learn the responsibility and pay expenses of their own. The research has uncovered many factors that impact upon these questions; as well as the number of jobs that are attainable in the workforce. As the economy is changing, firms are questioning their future finances to meet the dual standards of minimum-wage and population growth. These issues overlap invariably for everyone in the workplace as Hamilton firm studies give the results with minimum wage and the projected time it will take to rise out of the economic stagnation the country is in at the present time. Said one set of researchers, â€Å"We also continue to explore the nation’s ‘jobs gap’ or the number of jobs needed to return to pre-recession employment levels (Harris & Kearney, 2014). Figure 1.0 below denotes the overall impact of increasin g minimum wage; based upon the number of individuals within the workforce that would have been â€Å"pushed out of poverty† as a result of this increase. The issue of the minimum wage has been under discussion for many years. Ultimately, the United States is one of a handful of countries around the world that legally institutes a minimum wage that the worker is able to receive. This is done to ensure that the workers are not taken advantage of and paid less than a â€Å"living wage†. However, the fact of the matter is that a â€Å"living wage†, as minimum wage has oftentimes been referred to, is ultimately in effect, a subjective measurement. However, minimum wage is oftentimes utilized as a means of supporting entire families within the lower socioeconomic strata of the United States; something it was never designed to do. When one considers the fact that the current rate of unemployment within the nation’s teenagers is in

USGAAP and iGAAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

USGAAP and iGAAP - Essay Example There is a similarity between both the US GAAP and iGAAP, regarding the treatment of the impairment of assets that are held for disposal (Ochoa, 2010). Under both accounting methods, the impairment of the assets that is held for disposal is to be treated as the difference between the assets carrying amount, and the assets fair value. This difference becomes the amount of the loss of value of the asset, which is to be treated as expenditure. The other similarity in the treatment of intangible assets; is in the treatment of intangible assets acquired through business combination, especially when such intangible assets can be treated as different from the goodwill. The differentiation in such assets exists, if such assets can be transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged (McClenahen & Jusko, 2002). Under both the US GAAP and iGAAP, such asset should be treated as normal business assets. There is a major disparity in the treatment of expenditure in research and development, under both the US GAAP and iGAAP. The US GAAP requires that all the expenditure that is incurred in the generation of internal intangibles to be factored in, as expenditure (Crovitz, 2008). Therefore, any costs involved in research and development is to be treated as expenditure, under US GAAP. However, the case is different under the iGAAP, which provides that there should be a distinction between the research expenses and the development expenses. The argument is that, the cost incurred in research has no certainty of generating future economic value, and thus it should be treated as expenditure (McClenahen & Jusko, 2002). On the other hand, all the costs incurred in development, which could lead to the generation of future income benefits, such as the development of brand value, should be treated as capital expenditure, and thus placed under capital (Ochoa, 2010). While both US GAAP and iGAAP treat the assets acquired